5.1....DETERMINERS IN GENERAL: Determiners agree with their associated nouns in case, gender, and number by means of the suffixes listed here. In strings that include determiners and adjectives, determiners always come first.
| nominative | accusative | genitive | dative | |
| common | -us | -oot | -oest | -ums |
| neuter | -e | -at | -ast | -ais |
| plural | -ues | -uent | -oesoet | -uems |
5.2....PROXIMATE, REMOTE, AND INTERROGATIVE DETERMINERS: These are derived by adding "d-," "z-," and "v-" respectively to the determiner endings.
| 5.2-1> | nom. | acc. | gen. | dat. |
| com. |
dus camu this man |
doot camoo this man |
doest camoes of this man |
dums camum to/for this man |
| neut. |
de prat this door |
dat prata this door |
dast pratas of this door |
dais pratai to/for this door |
| plur. |
dues camue these men |
duent camuen these men |
doesoet camoesoe of these men |
duems camuem to/for these men |
| 5.2-2> | nom. | acc. | gen. | dat. |
| com. |
zus camu that man |
zoot camoo that man |
zoest camoes of that man |
zums camum to or for that man |
| neut. |
ze prat that door |
zat prata that door |
zast pratas of that door |
zais pratai to/for that door |
| plur. |
zues camue those men |
zuent camuen those men |
zoesoet camoesoe of those men |
zuems camuem to/for those men |
| 5.2-3> | nom. | acc. | gen. | dat. |
| com. |
vus camu what man |
voot camoo what man |
voest camoes of what man |
vums camum to/for what man |
| neut. |
ve prat what door |
vat prata what door |
vas pratas of what door |
vais pratai to/for what door |
| plur. |
vues camue what men |
vuent camuen what men |
voesoet camoesoe of what men |
vuems camuem to/for what men |
a) Genitive interrogative determiners may NOT translate as "whose." That privilage is reserved for the genitive common-gender interrogative pronoun "voes."
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b) Goesk demonstrative determiners can do the work of definite articles. Loosely speaking, Goesk speakers say "this man" or "that man" when we would say "the man." For instance, "dus camu" or "zus camu" can both "the man." when context requires. Goesk demonstrative determiners are used more sparingly than English definite articles. For instance, in the phrase "de hand meen" (the hand of me, i.e. my hand), the determiner "de" is optional, because "meen" (mine) refers to one specific owner of the hand, making the reference of the whole phrase definite in most contexts.
c) Demonstrative determiners can be conjoined to form a determiner phrase that means "each." (c.f. examples 4.3-1 and 4.3-2)
| 5.2-5 |
Dus und zus barnu habit bed. This and that child has a bed. correctly: Each child has a bed. |
| 5.2-6 |
De und ze deu vendeus. This and that animal went. correctly: Each animal went. |
d) Cardinal numeral pronouns refer to a certain number of unspecified individuals from a larger group. Modified by demonstrative determiners, these pronouns stand for groups comprising the number of individuals indicated by the numeral word.
| 5.2-7 |
de ven the/this one |
| 5.2-8 |
dues teuzue these two/the two of them/both of them |
| 5.2.9 |
dues dreezue these three/the three of them/all three of them |
| 5.2-10 |
dues ven-tausand, sesuenyr-sieveneux-feuzue these/the/all one thousand, six hundred seventy four of them |
e) Ratio numeral terms with values less than one also take demonstrative determiners.
| 5.2-10> |
de teugin this half (of it/them) |
dues teusoo-dreeginue these two thirds (of it/them) |
f) Interrogative determiners may precede cardinal and ratio numeral pronouns.
| 5.2-11> | ve ven? which one? |
vues teuzue? which two? |
ve teugin? which half? |
5.3....REFLEXIVE PRONOUN PHRASES: Proximate demonstrative determiners premodify personal pronouns to form reflexive pronoun phrases. These occur only in accusative or dative case. First and second person singular reflexive pronoun phrases occur in common-gender only.
| acc. sing. | doot mik | doot jeuv | doot hoo | dat ha |
| myself | yourself | him/her-self | itself |
| acc. plur. | duent us | duent ulue | duent huen |
| ourselves | yourselves | themselves |
| dat. sing. | dums mis | dums jees | dums hum | dais hai |
| to/for myself | to/for yourself | to/for him/her-self | to/for itself |
| dat. plur. | duems uns | duems ienen | duems huem |
| to/for ourselves | to/for yourselves | to/for themselves |
>> The common-gender proximate demonstrative determiner also makes indefinite "manu" (someone) reflexive. "doot manoo" means "oneself" (accusative) and "dums manum" means "to/for oneself." Use this with indefinite antecedents.
5.4....INDEFINITE DETERMINERS: Indefinite pronouns have corresponding determiners.
| arn- | man- | narn- |
| any | some | no |
| 5.4-1> |
arnus camu any man |
arnues camue any men |
|
| 5.4-3> |
narne mencu no person |
narnues mencue no people |
a) Some indefinite determiners have slightly different translations depending on whether they are singular or plural.
| andyr- | ol- | veen- | veenyr- |
| (an)other | every/all | a little/few | less/fewer |
| 5.4-4> |
andyrus camu another man |
andyrues camue other men |
| 5.4-5> |
ole haus every house |
olues hausue all houses |
| 5.4-6> |
veene vodyr a little water |
veenues frauzue a few women |
| 5.4-7> |
veenyre vodyr less water |
veenyrues frauzue fewer women |
b) Some indefinite determiners may only premodify plurals.
| bidyl- | fifyl- |
| several | not many |
| 5.4-8> |
bidylues frauzue several women |
fifylues hausue not many houses |
c) Some indefinite determiners premodify only mass or plural nouns.
| maist- | mer- | naf | vad- | veen- | veenyr- |
| most | more | enough | a lot | a little/a few | less/fewer |
| 5.4-9> |
maiste vain most wine |
maistues mencue most people |
| 5.4-10> |
mere vain more wine |
merues mencue more people |
| & so on | & so on |
5.5....NUMERAL & GENERAL ORDINAL DETERMINERS: Determiners can also be derived from cardinal, ordinal, ratio and general ordinal terms.
| 5.5-0> | ||
|
venus camu one man |
teuzues frauzue two women |
dreezaife dag a third day |
|
dreeginues mencue a third of the people |
dreesoozues dague three times as many days |
leste dag last (preceding) day |
5.6....NO POSSESSIVE DETERMINERS: Determiners are not derived from the personal pronouns. The work or English determiners such as "my," "your," and "their" is done in Goesk with genitive pronouns.
| 5.6-1 |
hund meen dog of me my dog | 5.6-2 |
cuzue jeuren shoes of you your shoes |
| 5.6-3 |
haus hoes house of him/her his/her house | 5.6-4 |
kat hoesoe cat of them their cat |
5.7....DETERMINER STRINGS: Determiners occur in strings as meaning permits. All the determiners in the same string take determiner endings.
| 5.7-0> |
andyrues dreezues mencue another three people |
dues feuzues mencue the/these four people |
|
dues andyrues dreezues mencue the/these other three people |
dues venaifues mencu the/this first person |
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maistues andyrues hausue most other houses |
arnues teuzues mencue any two people |
5.8....DETERMINERS AND PRONOUNS: Sometimes, determiners can premodify pronouns.
| 5.8-0> |
de ven this one, the one |
dues teu these two, the two, both |