6.1....ADJECTIVES: When adjectives are declined, they take the same endings as determiners. However, adjectives are declined only when they occur initially in a string of noun premodifiers. So adjectives preceded by determiners and/or other adjectives are not declined, and neither are predicate adjectives.
| 6.1-1 |
groosus frauzu big woman |
| 6.1-2 |
groosus deec frauzu big strong woman |
| 6.13-3 |
dus gross deec frauzu this big strong woman |
| 6.1-4 |
Ik sieno groos. I am big. |
6.2....ADVERBS: These may occur almost anywhere in a sentence; before or after a verb, clause-initially or clause-finally. They may also premodify adjectives or even other adverbs.
a) These adverbs do not take a special adverbial suffix.
|
aux also, too |
bold soon |
coen already |
cpeet late |
doer here |
|
fast almost |
foecp no longer |
frue early |
heu how |
imyr always |
|
jest now |
keen perhaps |
krul very |
muemoo kinda |
nie never |
|
nik not |
noox still, yet |
nur only |
vaneer when |
varum why |
|
ver |
zeer there |
viedyr again, onward |
zeer there |
tu too (much) |
b) Another adverb that takes no special affix is ?eezect? (mutually). Goesk lacks a pronominal phrase meaning ?each other.? Use ?eezect? in clauses with plural subjects to convey reciprocal action.
| 6.2-1 |
Hue eezect augen. They mutually saw. correctly They saw each other. |
c) The remaining adverbs take the suffix ?-laik.?
| 6.2-2> |
froolaik happily |
goodelaik well |
vaulaik remarkably |
clextelaik badly |
ueblaik usually |
d) Some important adverbs are derived from indefinite pronouns.
|
bidylaik several times |
maistelaik mostly |
merlaik more |
naflaik enough |
vadelaik a lot |
veenelaik a little |
veenyrlaik less |
e) The translation of ordinal numeral adverbs is straightforward.
| 6.2-3> |
venaiflaik first(ly) |
teuzaiflaik second(ly) |
dreezaiflaik third(ly) |
f) Cardinal numeral adverbs are iterative.
| 6.2-4> |
venelaik once |
teulaik twice |
dreelaik three times |
g) Multiplicative numeral adverbs are used for quantified comparisons of the frequency, duration, productivity, or intensity of some activity, depending on the context.
| 6.2-5> |
teuginsoolaik half as much |
vensoolaik just as much |
teusoolaik twice as much |
6.3....COMPARISON: The comparative suffix is ?-mer? and the superlative, ?-maist.?
a) Comparative and superlative suffixes occur before adverbial or other adjectival suffixes.
| 6.3-1> |
fesus meedu smart girl |
fesmerus meedu smarter girl |
| 6.3-2> |
cribeus goodelaik wrote well |
cribeus goodemerlaik wrote better |
b) When a superlative adjective premodifies a noun, it is always preceded by a determiner, usually the proximate demonstrative one. However, predicate superlative adjectives do not require accompanying determiners.
| 6.3-3> |
dus festmais meedu the smartest girl |
| 6.3-4> |
Dus meedu sienit fesmaist. The girl is (the) smartest. |
c) Comparison of adjectives and adverbs is never irregular in Goesk.
| 6.3-5> |
good good |
goodemer better |
goodemaist best |
| 6.3-6> |
goodelaik well |
goodemerlaik better |
goodemaistelaik best |
| 6.3-7> |
clext bad |
clextemer worse |
clextemaist worst |
| 6.3-8> |
clextelaik badly |
clextemerelaik worse, more badly |
clextemaistelaik worst, the most badly |
d) Comparative and superlative suffixes may be used with adjectives and adverbs of any length.
| 6.3-9 |
dreemdenkig imaginative |
dreemdenkigemer more imaginative |
dreemdenkigemaist most imaginative |
| 6.3-10 |
dreemdenklaik imaginatively |
dreemdenkigemerlaik more imaginatively |
dreemdenkigemaistelaik most imaginatively |
e) Comparisons between equals are conveyed with the adverb ?vensoolaik? and the preposition ?rum? with a genitive object, which means ?like.?
| 6.3-11 |
vensoolaik just as much |
groos big |
rum like |
hausas house (gen.) |
| as big as a house | ||||